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Rhamnus frangula
''Rhamnus frangula'' (synonym ''Frangula alnus''), the alder buckthorn, glossy buckthorn, or breaking buckthorn, is a tall deciduous shrub in the family Rhamnaceae. It is native to Europe, northernmost Africa, and western Asia, from Ireland and Great Britain north to 68°N in Scandinavia, east to central Siberia and Xinjiang in western China, and south to northern Morocco, Turkey, and the Alborz and Caucasus Mountains; in the northwest of its range (Ireland, Scotland), it is rare and scattered. It is also introduced and naturalised in eastern North America.〔Rushforth, K. (1999). ''Trees of Britain and Europe''. Collins ISBN 0-00-220013-9.〕〔Flora Europaea: (''Frangula alnus'' )〕〔Den virtuella floran: (''Frangula alnus'' ) (in Swedish, with detailed maps)〕〔Stace, C., et al. Interactive Flora of NW Europe: (''Frangula alnus'' )〕〔Flora of China: (''Rhamnus frangula'' )〕
==Taxonomy and naming==
Alder buckthorn was first formally described by Linnaeus in 1753 as ''Rhamnus frangula''. It was subsequently separated by Philip Miller in 1768 into the genus ''Frangula'' on the basis of its hermaphrodite flowers with a five-parted corolla (dioecious, and four-parted in ''Rhamnus''); this restored the treatment of pre-Linnaean authors, notably Tournefort.〔Miller, P. (1754). ''The Gardener's Dictionary'', 8th ed. (Facsimile at Botanicus.org )〕 Although much disputed historically, the separation of ''Frangula'' from ''Rhamnus'' is now widely accepted, being supported by recent genetic data〔Bolmgren, K., & Oxelman, B. 2004. (Generic limits in Rhamnus L. s.l. (Rhamnaceae) inferred from nuclear and chloroplast DNA sequence phylogenies. ) ''Taxon'' 53: 383–390.〕 though a few authorities still retain the genus within ''Rhamnus'' (e.g. the ''Flora of China''〔).
The genus name ''Frangula'' refers to the brittle wood. Both the English and scientific species names refer to its commonly growing together with alders (''Alnus'') on damp sites. Unlike other "buckthorns", alder buckthorn does not have thorns.〔Vedel, H., & Lange, J. (1960). ''Trees and Bushes in Wood and Hedgerow''. Methuen & Co Ltd.〕〔Natural England: (Alder buckthorn )〕 Other recorded names include glossy buckthorn and breaking buckthorn; historically, it was sometimes called "dogwood" through confusion of the leaves with those of Dogwood ''Cornus sanguinea''.〔
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